Categoría: Previous Issues Articles

As we emerge from the first week in Bonn, negotiators have been busy trekking through the text. Here’s some guidance for those who may be missing the forest for the trees on mitigation.

At the start of every hike you should know where the trail goes.  At the UNFCCC, the destination is to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and avoid dangerous climate change getting there. As we heard during the Structured Expert Dialogues, a 1.5ºC temperature pathway is the safest course to take. Phasing out fossil fuel emissions and phasing in 100% renewable energy to achieve full decarbonisation by 2050 have to be in the backpack.

To succeed, the nature and form of mitigation commitments must be as strong as possible.  And to stay on course, we must check progress from time to time, so  a review focused on equity and ambition is necessary. And it goes without saying, once you are on the right track, there should be no backsliding.

The land sector offers significant potential for climate change adaptation, and opportunity to reducing emissions. As highlighted in the SBSTA workshops this week, actions in this sector are crucial for protecting food security and livelihoods, particularly adaptation actions for vulnerable, small-scale food producers.

At the same time, the land sector accounts for about a quarter of all emissions—most of which come from a loss of ecosystems, as well as nitrous oxide and methane from industrial agriculture. We can’t afford to ignore that up to half of the emissions gap could be closed by efforts in the land sector between now and 2030. Mitigation in this sector isn’t just about avoiding deforestation and forest degradation,  and restoring ecosystems—it’s also about reducing food waste, shifting away from the use of fertilisers, and encouraging sustainable consumption, while ensuring that key safeguards are addressed and respected and food security is promoted.

With all this opportunity for reducing emissions, ECO hoped to see both ambition and transparency in the contributions proposed in INDCs. INDCs from developing countries submitted so far have offered plenty of detail about their intended mitigation efforts and how they fit with goals for adaptation and sustainable development. These efforts go a long way to delivering the transparency that is so essential for building trust in this sector.
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Much as the Incredible Hulk, Thor and Black Widow come together to join their super powers in the fight for good – the Standing Committee on Finance (SCF), SBSTA and SBI are joining forces to discuss methodologies to improve the reporting of climate finance. The evil they battle is a lack of transparency leading to problems such as double counting, miscalculations (or outright exaggeration) and little opportunity to gauge the impact of the resources received.

To unlock their full superhero potential ECO recommends:

Defining common criteria. It’s essential to know what climate finance actually is and ensure we exclude activities that have negative externalities.

Providing enough and clear information. Don’t be afraid, superheroes, break it down. Update the information at least every year and ensure that it is public and accessible.

Coordinating with other countries and financial entities. Avoid duplication of funding and listen to — and meet the needs of — recipient countries.

Encouraging participation of stakeholders. After all, what are superheroes without an engaged audience?

Recipient countries – you also have a role to play here.  Your superhero efforts to measure climate finance flows will help close the gap between what you have and what you need. A good idea for recipient countries would be to systematise the information about the climate finance received and coordinate with national and sub-national entities to improve communication and to avoid duplication of projects.
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Anyone remember that Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) pickle we’ve been moaning about for an eye-wateringly long time? Clearly, the Panamanians have been rummaging through the old ECO archives and taken the hint.

In February 2015, the construction of the Barro Blanco hydroelectric dam, a project registered under the CDM, was suspended by Panama’s national environment agency due to breaches of the national environmental impact assessment requirements. It turns out there were shortcomings in the agreement with the locally affected indigenous communities.

It’s a no brainer that this wasn’t anything like best practice. So let’s put it in the spotlight: the suspension by Panama is a landmark decision in the history of the CDM. It was also just in time for the Geneva pledge on human rights. The CDM still does not offer any compliance mechanism for affected communities, so this is a really important step forward.

And Barro Blanco is not an isolated case. Quite a few CDM registered projects have been strongly opposed by local communities. Negative social and environment impacts and human right violations do not make a very good sales pitch. Other examples are the Sasan coal power plant in India and the Santa Rita hydro dam in Guatemala.
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With INDCs rolling in, it’s clear that many Parties intend to use international market-based mechanisms to achieve their mitigation commitments. ECO’s main message to delegates—put in place rules to avoid double-counting mitigation efforts. Without good accounting, market mechanisms could undermine mitigation targets. The climate cannot afford the risk of both host and purchasing countries counting the same reductions to meet INDCs.

We commend the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG) for proposing criteria for the Framework for Various Approaches and next steps for a work programme.

Parties should undertake the technical work needed to ensure that claimed reductions are real, additional, permanent and verified, and that any participating system ensures overall net atmospheric benefits.

There are important lessons to be learned from the CDM. An adequate process will require sufficient time for Parties and civil society to participate in this complex work and to develop common standards and transparency procedures for linked national and UNFCCC registries.

ECO also notes that market-based reductions should be supplemental to ambitious national actions. Reference levels for carbon sinks must ensure that real emissions and removals are comprehensively captured and accounted, and are backed by science to avoid catastrophic climate change.

Delegates, accounting is important and we are running out of time.
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Renewable energy—the darling of the mitigation community—came, saw and conquered at the Technical Expert Meeting (TEM) on Tuesday. And we are hungry for more. So, let’s roll out the red carpet for the under-appreciated ugly duckling of the emissions cutting measures—energy efficiency. It might get less attention, but let’s not forget it has turned into a swan. So, let’s refocus and zoom into the obvious low-hanging fruit that can help keep us within a warming of 1.5ºC. It’s time to welcome the Technical Expert Meeting on Energy Efficiency in Urban Environments. Insert feet stamping and loud applause here!

The TEM will be held today and tomorrow and ECO is expecting a full house.

Through energy efficiency, cities from Buenos Aires to Brazzaville and Berlin could contribute significantly to bridging the global emissions gap. Different kinds of urban action, according to the Stockholm Environment Institute, could decrease global GHG emissions by 3.7 GtCO2e below what national actions are currently on track to achieve in 2030, and by 8.0 GtCO2e in 2050. And some cities genuinely are tapping into this potential. Can we give a standing ovation for the cities leading the way, please?

Now, this is all fine and dandy. But what is still missing?
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The helpful elves of ECO were disappointed to report yesterday that the workshop on Long-Term Finance (LTF) failed to meet our expectations in that it didn’t actually discuss the key elements within the framework of LTF.

Here is a reminder to our friendly delegates what the aims of the LTF process are; hopefully this will get you back on track for today’s session:

To quote the Convention itself: “COP19 requested the secretariat to organise in-session workshops to facilitate continued deliberations of Parties on, inter alia, strategies and approaches for scaling up climate finance, cooperation on enhanced enabling environments and support for readiness activities, and on needs for support to developing countries from 2014 to 2020.”

Our ECO elves waited in anticipation for such issues and ideas to be broached yesterday, but eventually left the room deflated. The concrete strategies to scale up finance didn’t get mentioned, nor did the topic of support and enabling environments.

Needless to say, the US$100 billion elephant in the room lingered until we approached the end of the workshop, with little mention of how to reach the goal or speedily deploy funds to vulnerable countries.

But all is not lost, dear delegates! With another full session today, there is still enough time to re-capture the objectives of the LTF process and address the most crucial aspects.
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2015 is an important year for our planet’s future. Countries are coming together to agree on outcomes in parallel, but interlinked, processes: the United Nations process on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

There are clear synergies. It is hard to achieve sustainable development without developing a climate-resilient and low-carbon process, and vice versa. Climate change already threatens to reverse sustainable development advances that have been made.

It’s ECO’s view that implementing the SDG and UNFCCC outcomes should be done in an integrated and strategic manner, and we have an idea of how that can be done.

In 2010, UNFCCC Parties agreed that countries should develop low carbon development strategies, but this hasn’t been universally implemented. Now is the time. The beauty of low and zero carbon development strategies is they overlap with sustainable development plans.

Of course, before these plans are developed, countries need to:

– Define an indicative emission reduction trajectory through 2030 and 2040 to achieve decarbonisation by 2050. Advanced economies should achieve this sooner.

– Define mitigation goals for 2020 and 2025, in line with a UNFCCC system of five-year commitment periods.

– Include existing policies and measures to address emissions from all relevant sectors.
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ECO is humbled and thankful for the courageous leadership shown by the Climate Vulnerables Forum. This represents 20 of the most vulnerable countries in the world fighting for their only means of survival—a global goal of 1.5°C.

The Philippines, Costa Rica and Bangladesh (current and former chairs of the group) are known for their commitment through national actions. As climate change impacts their communities, these countries have bounced back into action to protect them. The Philippines is mainstreaming climate change knowledge into their development planning. Costa Rica is getting closer to 100% renewable energy day by day and Bangladesh invests millions of domestic funds to fight climate change and build resilience.

The 2013-15 Structured Expert Dialogue (SED) review is the most significant signal yet that we must limit the global temperature increase to 1.5°C. ECO has been dismayed by some vulnerable countries that are blocking this from being formally recognised in the Paris agreement.

ECO is proud to stand alongside the Climate Vulnerables Forum, and we are inspired by their leadership and commitment to limiting global warming to 1.5°C. We would like to bestow Ray of the Day on the Climate Vulnerables Forum.